BAX and cancer: It modulates the activity of genes and various signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the inhibition of cancer, such as pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins (B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL)), MAPK/ERK, PI3 K/Akt, and NF-κB, and is involved in the epigenetic downregulation of oncogenes [43].