IL6 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a significant marker in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and its cardiovascular complications [42], also induces 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, a critical process for IL-6-mediated glucose uptake and lipid oxidation [43], which is implicated in obesity-related cancers [44].