These authors suggest that high serum PD-L1 concentrations in patients with cancer may predict a low rate of disease control, and that increased levels are associated with worse survival in patients with advanced solid tumors (e.g., lung cancer, gastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma) [25]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and renal cell carcinoma.