HK1 and cancer: Mitochondrial-bound HK and Bcl-2 are overexpressed in many cancer cells, including breast, lung, pancreas, esophagus, renal, and liver cancers, while Bcl-2 is overexpressed in colon, breast, prostate, lymphoma, glioma, and leukemia cells, and their overexpression in tumors is coupled with resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis [30,31].