LCN2 and acute kidney injury: We selected two traditional markers, proteinuria and albuminuria, that are the only urinary markers that in fact are measured in clinical practice for renal pathologies, as well as NAG, because its urinary levels specifically reflect the extent of tubular damage during AKI [33], and NGAL, a marker that is produced within the kidney under ischemic conditions and has been demonstrated to increase in urine before any significant changes in SCr levels [34].