INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Fasting levels of glucose and HBA1c%, as well as hepatic levels of key gluconeogenesis enzymes, including G6Pase and FBP-1, were significantly elevated, while fasting insulin levels and the hepatic levels of glucokinase (a glycolytic enzyme) were significantly reduced in the T2DM rats, as compared to the control rats (Table 1).