TNF and Arthritis: Luteolin can contrast inflammation by reducing the production of inflammatory markers such as NO, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and iNOS and COX-2 precursor enzymes, TNF-α, and various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo models of arthritis, indicating its potential as an effective anti-inflammatory agent [103].