Meanwhile, vanillic acid has been found to suppress the overexpression of inflammatory mediators such as NF-κB, TNF-α, and COX-2 and also promotes the up-regulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) proteins, which play a crucial role in diabetes and diabetic nephropathy [57]. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to diabetes mellitus.