The GERD + vehicle group was characterized by an increase of the TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels compared to the sham + vehicle group (*** p  <  0.001); however, the treatment with bombesin at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg significantly reduced their levels, as shown in Figure 6A–D (# p  <  0.05; ### p  <  0.001). Here, GRP is linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease.