Although analyses of serum cytokine profile demonstrated elevated IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IP-10 in DM-ILD, anti-MDA5 antibody-positive cases showed higher serum IL-8 levels and lower IL-4/IFN-γ ratio than anti-MDA5 antibody-negative cases [186]. This evidence concerns the gene IFIH1 and dermatomyositis.