The repeated intranasal infections expand Th17 cells and shift their cytokine profile to IL-17A+IFN-γ+ [61,62], which are the main cytokines involved in BBB disruption in vitro and in vivo through the generation of ROS in endothelial cells [55,56] known to be found in the CNS in both human MS and rodent models of MS [63]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and myeloid sarcoma.