CTSB and Alzheimer disease: Slc11a2KD cells from APP/PS1 females also exhibited decreases in subsets of DAM-like and age-associated markers, such as Apoe, Ly9, Csf1, Cybb, Hif1α, Nfe2l2, and Ctsb. Upregulations in these genes in AD-associated microglia are thought to represent a ‘primed’ microglial expression state initiated in response to mounting pathology and may help limit excessive oxidative damage in disease [35, 36, 142, 145–148].