Five (NT-proBNP, GDF-15, TRAIL-R2, kidney injury molecule 1 [KIM1], and IGFBP-2) and 12 proteins (NT-proBNP, GDF-15, TRAIL-R2, KIM1, MMP-12, CHI3L1, prostasin, EN-RAGE, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, fibroblast growth factor 23 [FGF-23], pentraxin-related protein PTX3, and IL-8), with four overlapping proteins, were selected to be included in the protein-based prediction model for all-cause mortality in those with and without T2D, respectively, using Lasso. Here, NPPB is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.