The NF-κB pathway plays a key role in colonic inflammation, and it is activated by components of the luminal bacteria, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN), as well as IBD-associated detrimental cytokines like TNF-α (Cohen and Sachar, 2017; D’Haens and van Deventer, 2021; Zhang Lenardo and Baltimore, 2017). Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.