COL1A1 and pancreatic adenocarcinoma: To investigate potential associations between CAF clusters and clinical characteristics of PAAD patients, the ssGSEA scores for specific marker genes—C10orf10, COL14A1, COL4A2, COL4A1, and ANGPT2 for CAF_1; SFRP2, LUM, MMP11, CTHRC1, and COL1A1 for CAF_2; RASD1, MT1A, MT1M, JUNB, and RERGL for CAF_3; and LTB, CCL4, IL7R, CCL5, and CD52 for CAF_4 (as identified in Figure 1C)—were calculated within each CAF cluster based on the TCGA cohort.