TLR4 and Alzheimer disease: Studies show that DAPA effectively reduces inflammation by inhibiting TLR4/advanced glycation end products/HMGB1 signaling, TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, and nuclear transcription factor activation.[57–60] DAPA's inhibitory effect on these pathways suggests its potential as an important antineuroinflammatory agent in AD treatment.