TSC1 and Cerebral ischemia: Conversely, low cellular energy, i.e. increased AMP to ATP ratio, such as in cerebral ischemia, induces tuberous sclerosis-1 (TSC1, also known as hamartin) and TSC2 (tuberin) to form the TSC complex, subsequently down-regulating mTORC1 [11, 12], which has been shown to be protective in models of brain ischemia [10].