TNF and viral infectious disease: Huang et al. [14] subcutaneously injected melatonin to treat a post-viral infection in mice and found that the treatment decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) and increased the production of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β).