In addition, GTPs significantly reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and inhibited the activation of the toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway compared with a high-fat diet, indicating that the beneficial effects of GTPs are linked to alterations in gut microbiota and reduced intestinal inflammation, which may underlie the anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity properties of GTPs [65]. Here, IL6 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.