TNF and metabolic disease: Visceral fat releases inflammatory interleukins such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6, which impair insulin action in the liver, leading to increased gluconeogenesis and the synthesis of triglyceride-rich very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles and contributing to metabolic disorders associated with visceral fat [61,62,63].