Yan et al. found that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) block the NF-κB signalling pathway via miR-129-5p/TRAF3, reducing ventricular dysfunction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and cardiomyocyte fibrosis in HF rats [59]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to hydrops fetalis.