CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Immunohistochemistry confirmation for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is the current standard for identifying NSCLC patients more likely to respond to immunotherapy; however, many patients with high PD-L1 expression remain non-responders or suffer disease deterioration with potential multi-organ immunotoxicities [8,9,10,11].