A study from Selmi et al. reported that in sera from 100% of anti-PDC-E2 (77/77) positive PBC patients were found antibodies against Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, providing further support for the concept that exposure to Novosphingobium aromaticivorans could be a trigger for PBC development [28,29]. Here, PDC is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.