TLR4 and epilepsy: Studies show that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin, fisetin, and luteolin significantly lower TLR-4/NF-κB and IL-1β levels in hippocampal neurons of a pilocarpine-induced mouse epilepsy model (Qu et al., 2019; Khatoon et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2022; Cheng et al., 2024).