HMGB1 and epilepsy: Specifically, flavones primarily counter epilepsy through interactions with pathways such as NF-κB p65, the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB axis, PPAR-γ, MAPK, HMGB1, IGF1R, NLRP3, and MAO-B, which are essential in mitigating neuroinflammation.