Moreover, ALDH2 and ECHS1 were found to regulate inflammation, including the expression of IL6, IL7, IL10, and CXCL8 proteins, and enhance TME heterogeneity through transcription factors ZNF384 and FOXF1, which is one of the significant causes of epithelial cell carcinogenesis in GC. Here, FOXF1 is linked to gastric cancer.