Consistent with that observation, a recent study of T1D association with HLA in a Maliian cohort showed overall T1Dassociation for all classical HLA loci except HLA-C or -DPA1 (66). Looking at T1D association more closely than at the level of the named allele, for example, at the amino acid level, may provide a broader perspective and generate hypotheses to test among studies of diverse populations. The gene discussed is HLA-C; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.