TNF and lung cancer: identified dysregulation of various extracellular signals in ILDs and lung cancer, including growth factors (e.g., TGF-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)), cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)), and extracellular matrix components (e.g., collagen, fibronectin).