Interesting results came from the modulation of Toll-like receptor signalling, exploration of genetic predispositions, the definition of metabolomic changes in NEC to discover potential biomarkers and of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling pathways, determination of relationships among IUGR, anaemia, and NEC [11, 12]. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is necrotizing enterocolitis.