CD45− CD31− EpCAM− mesenchymal stromal cells in the mucosa of patients with IBD express the receptor for oncostatin M (OSMR) and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A, and chemokines in response to oncostatin M [202]. This evidence concerns the gene OSMR and inflammatory bowel disease.