OSM and Crohn disease: Intriguingly, inflammation-associated fibroblasts highly express OSMR, while inflammatory monocytes express oncostatin M. Similarly, activated mononuclear phagocytes that produce oncostatin M, TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β in inflamed sites of the ileal mucosa of Crohn’s disease patients [24] are associated with resistance to anti-TNF therapy.