Importantly, these exosomes demonstrate a regulatory role in NRs such as PPARα, PPARγ, PPARδ, RORα, ERα, and ERβ, across a range of chronic diseases, including AIDS, atherosclerosis, cancer, CRS, diabetes, NASH, neurological diseases and obesity. The gene discussed is PPARD; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.