Additionally, Jiao et al. [156] showed that exosomes derived from chronic hepatitis B and acute-on-chronic liver failure patients exhibited enhanced expression of CD63 and albumin compared to survival group, with a higher percentage of these exosomes in acute-on-chronic liver failure compared to chronic hepatitis B. Notably, the study indicated that albumin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) present in exosomes could serve as biomarkers for liver regeneration and prognostic evaluation [156]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and chronic hepatitis B virus infection.