GFAP and arthritic joint disease: The current results indicated that PTL treatment has an anti-inflammatory effect and can suppress astrogliosis, which is in line with the findings of several previous studies where PTL reduced hippocampal GFAP expression in mouse models of LPS-induced AD (Fan et al. 2023) and spinal cord injury (Gaojian et al. 2020), and decreased GFAP-positive cells found in the spinal cord and brain of a collagen antibody-induced arthritis mouse model (Williams et al. 2020).