HSPA9 and infection: To explore the molecular mechanism by which GRP75 regulates adipocyte browning, we stably overexpressed Flag-GRP75 in KYSE150 cells (LV-Flag-GRP75) and knocked down GRP75 transcription in YES2 cells (GRP75-KD) by infection with lentiviral vectors, and the corresponding EVs were isolated to treat adipocytes (Supplementary Fig. 3e, f).