While AAb biomarkers may not be directly causative in autoimmune disease or encephalitis (66), D1R and D2R AAb biomarkers provide diagnostic value and contribute to an understanding of biological AAb-mediated dopamine receptor signaling mechanisms in disease that associate with symptoms (18, 19, 27, 41, 48, 49, 67). This evidence concerns the gene DRD2 and viral encephalitis.