HLA-C and neoplasm: Compared to traditional vaccines, neoantigen vaccines have several advantages: (1) They can effectively stimulate, enhance, and diversify anti-tumor T cell responses, maximizing therapeutic specificity and overcoming immune tolerance [10]; (2) its strong affinity with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules can prevent immune cells from attacking normal cells of patients and ensure the safety of treatment [11]; and (3) they are highly feasible, generally safe, and easier to manufacture.