Regional guidelines are being developed for Africa, and in a survey of practitioners, roughly 60% of practitioners from Africa reported the use of abdominal ultrasound and AFP as their surveillance modality of choice for HCC in accordance with international societal guidelines (9, 30), whereas 8% utilize AFP alone and 21% use abdominal ultrasonography (US) alone (31). The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.