When we examined the metaclusters elevated in HIV+ cART-naïve samples, we identified a metacluster of CD20+CXCR4+ B cells that was PD-L1+ and Bcl-6+ in both HIV+ cART-naïve and HIV+ pre-NHL (cART-naïve) samples (MC12) (Supplementary Figure 4D). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.