TNF and AIDS: We and others have shown that elevated levels of several cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, CXCL13, TNFα, and IP-10/CXCL10) (14, 36, 37), molecules associated with B-cell activation (sCD23, sCD27, sCD30, and κ and λ immunoglobulin free light chains), and microbial translocation factors [e.g., lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LPB, sCD14, and EndoCab)] (38) precede the development of AIDS-associated NHL (AIDS-NHL).