ALB and Abnormal blood ion concentration: The authors developed a web application to assess the risk of AL in real time during the intraoperative period, taking into account several factors; such as: age, BMI, comorbidities, previous lower abdominal surgery, tumor obstruction, pre-operative hemoglobin level (g/dl), preoperative albumin level (g/L), electrolyte disorder, tumor size (cm), distance between the lower edge of the tumor and the anal edge (cm) and operative time (min) (28).