Using mediation analysis, we revealed that various immune cell subsets, including Secreting Treg % CD4 Treg, Activated & resting Treg % CD4 Treg, Mo MDSC AC, CD8 on EM CD8br, CD28- CD25++ CD8br AC, and CD16-CD56 on HLA DR+ NK, exert both protective and detrimental effects on prostate diseases by modulating the abundance of specific bacterial taxa, such as class Mollicutes, genus Eubacterium nodatum group and genus Dorea. Here, CD28 is linked to prostate disorder.