In addition, ssGSEA result indicated that SPP1+TAMs were related to hypoxia and some pro-tumor pathways: p53 pathway, IL6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, and TNFα/NF-κB pathway, etc (Fig. 5C), suggesting a pro-tumorigenesis or pro-metastasis role in GC [44]. Here, SPP1 is linked to gastric cancer.