IL1A and polycystic ovary syndrome: In the early stages of PCOS, the immune microenvironment predominantly activates macrophages towards the M1 phenotype, leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), thereby initiating chronic low-grade inflammation (20–22).