CD8A and neoplasm: We treated purified CD8+ T cells from Rig-I+/+ and Rig-I−/− mice with PI3K, AKT and glycolysis inhibitors for 3 days and evaluated the expression of CD69, CD25, CD107a and IFN-γ using flow cytometry to further confirm that Rig-I negatively regulates the anti-tumour function of CD8+ T cells through the AKT/glycolysis signalling pathway (Figs. 5I–L and  EV4A–F).