PBRM1 and neoplasm: 145). Mutations in the SWI/SNF complex, including ARID1A, contribute to resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors, with ARID1A-deficient tumours showing better responses to anti-PD-L1 treatment. Inhibiting another SWI/SNF subunit, PBRM1, enhances immunotherapy responses by boosting tumour immunogenicity (Refs 146, 147). These findings suggest targeting the SWI/SNF complex may enhance the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in HCC, though more research is needed to understand the mechanisms involved (Ref. 148).