PDCD1 and neoplasm: 174). Targeting this transcriptional axis could have a potential effect on TAM polarization and inhibition of CTLA-4 simultaneously. C-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CCL14) expression was negatively associated with PD-1, TIM-3 and CTLA-4 expression in HCC where it promoted the infiltration of numerous tumour immune cells, including macrophages leading to poor prognosis (Ref. 174). Surprisingly, injecting nanoliposome-loaded C6-ceramide into HCC mice reduced the number of TAMs, promoting the anti-tumour immunological response of CD8+ T cells (Ref. 175).