PPARA and acute kidney injury: Furthermore, several signaling pathways, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sirtuin (SIRT), hypoxia-inducible factor, and transforming growth factor-β1 pathways, are crucial in the regulation of FAO in AKI [21].