In the study of macrophages in vitro, S100A12 (RAGE agonist)–RAGE interaction mediated cytokine release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [24], and Jabaudon's study showed that the elevated serum RAGE level in ARDS patients could be used as a marker for the diagnosis of ARDS, and was independently related to the death of ARDS patients [25]. Here, S100A12 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.