TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: For the 8 cytokines (MCSF, IL-18, IL-1ra, sICAM, MCP3, PDGFbb, sVCAM, TNF-a) that showed evidence of a causal association with COVID-19 outcomes, asthma, COPD or pulmonary function indices in the main (cis-pQTL) MR analyses, records on clinical drug development programs were identified for IL-18, IL-1ra, MCSF, sICAM, sVCAM, PDGFbb, and TNF-a, and some of the drugs have already been marketed.