ACE and coronary artery disorder: While age, gender, and smoking status have been traditionally recognized as crucial risk factors for CAD, the role of laboratory tests such as lipoprotein(a), troponin T, ACE, and haptoglobin in CAD prediction has garnered increasing attention in recent research.38–40 Numerous studies have investigated the association between ACE levels and CAD risk.41,42 ACE plays a central role in the renin–angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.