Tumour formation under irradiation in vivo was simulated after the sh‐NEDD4L and sh‐KLF5 were delivered to the mice (Figure 7E), showing that NEDD4L inhibition accelerated the rate of ESCC tumour generation, while KLF5 inhibition conversely suppressed tumour growth (Figure 7F). This evidence concerns the gene NEDD4L and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.