TGFB1 and neoplasm: TDSFs, including G-CSF, VEGF-A, PLGF, TGF-β, S100 protein, and TNF, play crucial roles in PMN formation.24 Targeting TAMs by inhibiting the CSF-1R signaling pathway, a crucial macrophage signaling pathway, has been s demonstrated to diminish tumor growth and metastasis.