Elevated levels of IL-1α/β induce phenotypic changes in lung fibroblasts, triggering the production of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 via NF-κB signaling, thus promoting the development of an inflammatory PMN.145 Studies have shown that Gr1+ inflammatory monocytes expressing CCR2 (the receptor for CCL2) are drawn to the pre-metastatic lung through CCL2 secretion by both tumor and stromal cells. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and neoplasm.