Increasing clinical evidence has revealed that aberrant activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway can also facilitate tumor metastasis to specific tissues and organs by selectively up-regulating the expression of organ-specific metastasis-related genes.460–462 Therefore, targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway can impede the establishment of PMN of tumor cells and reduce the risk of tumor metastasis, thereby enhancing patient survival rates. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.