IL6 and posterior cortical atrophy: Finally, Xu and colleagues have reported that androgen-independent PCa cells challenged with thapsigargin, a guaianolide able to deplete endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores and induce the ER stress-related unfolded protein response, can release small vesicles that induce macrophage M1-to-M2 transition, accompanied by the upregulation of PD-L1 and of multiple protumoral cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β) [52].