Likewise, high mRNA levels of ring finger protein 157 (RNF157), a well-known E3 ubiquitin ligase which couples the PI3K and MAPK pathways with the cell cycle [55], have been detected in PCa sEVs, through which they are transmitted to macrophages; in these cells, RNF157 ubiquitinates the histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC1), initiating the M2 polarization process [56]. Here, RNF157 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.