TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: We examined two SNPs rs1799964 (TNF‐α−1031) and rs1799724 (TNF‐α−857) located in TNF‐α, in addition to three loci, rs1800630 (TNF‐α−863), rs1800629 (TNF‐α−308), and rs361525 (TNF‐α−238), which are located in the promoter regions of the genes and have been reported to influence susceptibility to HBV infection and chronic outcomes such as cirrhosis or HCC.27